The Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) in Infection and Inflammation
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a powerful system for the recognition and elimination of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from dying cells. Typical PAMPs include bacterial cell wa...
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| Μορφή: | Online |
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| Γλώσσα: | Αγγλικά |
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MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2023
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| Θέματα: | |
| Διαθέσιμο Online: | ONIX_20230623_9783036576152_121 |
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| collection | Directory of Open Access Books |
| description | Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a powerful system for the recognition and elimination of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from dying cells. Typical PAMPs include bacterial cell wall components, viral pathogens, or pathogenic nucleic acids, including viral RNA and DNA. Activation of TLRs leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons which are important for the induction of the host immune response against bacterial and viral infections. However, dysregulation and overstimulation can be detrimental, leading to hyper-inflammation, sepsis, and loss of tissue integrity. The involvement of TLRs in inflammation and bacterial infection has been recognized for a long time. There is an increasing number of reports demonstrating the involvement of TLR activation in a variety of viral infections, associated with protective immunity, but also immune hyper activation and even viral replication. Recent data show the involvement of TLR activation in various acute respiratory viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 and indicate an essential role in COVID-19 pathology. It aimed to gather newest data and hypotheses regarding molecular and cellular mechanisms of TLR triggering and activation and their downstream signaling pathways by viral infections, and their correlation to immunology and pathophysiology of the associated diseases, to facilitate translational research resulting in new targets for the treatment of viral infectious diseases including COVID-19. |
| format | Online |
| id | doab-20.500.12854ir-100889 |
| institution | Directory of Open Access Books |
| language | eng |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateRange | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| publisherStr | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| record_format | ojs |
| spelling | doab-20.500.12854ir-1008892024-03-31T13:09:54Z The Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) in Infection and Inflammation Kircheis, Ralf Planz, Oliver hepatitis C virus infection innate immunity Toll-like receptor cytokines Omicron spike protein SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 cytokine storm NF-kappaB Toll-like receptor (TLR) monoclonal antibody TLR4 compression force MAPKs AKT human PDL sterile inflammation TLR immune system inflammation antiviral polymorphism sepsis septic shock TLR7 TLR8 2′-O-ribose-methylation RNase T2 immune activation CD14 LPS hop TLR4 oligonucleotide sncRNA endocytosis broad-spectrum antiviral agent nucleolin virus entry immunoregulation RNA therapeutics TLR7 (Toll-like receptor 7) MUC1 (Mucin 1) aluminum adjuvant tumor vaccine immunotherapy toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) advanced glycation end products (AGEs) aquaporin-3 (AQP3) histone deacetylase inhibitor diabetes keratinocytes skin n/a TLR4–RAGE crosstalk glucose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inflammatory alveolar macrophages thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a powerful system for the recognition and elimination of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from dying cells. Typical PAMPs include bacterial cell wall components, viral pathogens, or pathogenic nucleic acids, including viral RNA and DNA. Activation of TLRs leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons which are important for the induction of the host immune response against bacterial and viral infections. However, dysregulation and overstimulation can be detrimental, leading to hyper-inflammation, sepsis, and loss of tissue integrity. The involvement of TLRs in inflammation and bacterial infection has been recognized for a long time. There is an increasing number of reports demonstrating the involvement of TLR activation in a variety of viral infections, associated with protective immunity, but also immune hyper activation and even viral replication. Recent data show the involvement of TLR activation in various acute respiratory viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 and indicate an essential role in COVID-19 pathology. It aimed to gather newest data and hypotheses regarding molecular and cellular mechanisms of TLR triggering and activation and their downstream signaling pathways by viral infections, and their correlation to immunology and pathophysiology of the associated diseases, to facilitate translational research resulting in new targets for the treatment of viral infectious diseases including COVID-19. 2023-06-23T09:51:00Z 2023-06-23T09:51:00Z 2023 book ONIX_20230623_9783036576152_121 9783036576152 9783036576145 https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/100889 eng image/jpeg Attribution 4.0 International https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/7355 https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/7355 MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 10.3390/books978-3-0365-7614-5 10.3390/books978-3-0365-7614-5 46cabcaa-dd94-4bfe-87b4-55023c1b36d0 9783036576152 9783036576145 236 Basel open access |
| spellingShingle | hepatitis C virus infection innate immunity Toll-like receptor cytokines Omicron spike protein SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 cytokine storm NF-kappaB Toll-like receptor (TLR) monoclonal antibody TLR4 compression force MAPKs AKT human PDL sterile inflammation TLR immune system inflammation antiviral polymorphism sepsis septic shock TLR7 TLR8 2′-O-ribose-methylation RNase T2 immune activation CD14 LPS hop TLR4 oligonucleotide sncRNA endocytosis broad-spectrum antiviral agent nucleolin virus entry immunoregulation RNA therapeutics TLR7 (Toll-like receptor 7) MUC1 (Mucin 1) aluminum adjuvant tumor vaccine immunotherapy toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) advanced glycation end products (AGEs) aquaporin-3 (AQP3) histone deacetylase inhibitor diabetes keratinocytes skin n/a TLR4–RAGE crosstalk glucose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inflammatory alveolar macrophages thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing The Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) in Infection and Inflammation |
| title | The Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) in Infection and Inflammation |
| title_full | The Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) in Infection and Inflammation |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) in Infection and Inflammation |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) in Infection and Inflammation |
| title_short | The Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) in Infection and Inflammation |
| title_sort | role of toll like receptors tlr in infection and inflammation |
| topic | hepatitis C virus infection innate immunity Toll-like receptor cytokines Omicron spike protein SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 cytokine storm NF-kappaB Toll-like receptor (TLR) monoclonal antibody TLR4 compression force MAPKs AKT human PDL sterile inflammation TLR immune system inflammation antiviral polymorphism sepsis septic shock TLR7 TLR8 2′-O-ribose-methylation RNase T2 immune activation CD14 LPS hop TLR4 oligonucleotide sncRNA endocytosis broad-spectrum antiviral agent nucleolin virus entry immunoregulation RNA therapeutics TLR7 (Toll-like receptor 7) MUC1 (Mucin 1) aluminum adjuvant tumor vaccine immunotherapy toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) advanced glycation end products (AGEs) aquaporin-3 (AQP3) histone deacetylase inhibitor diabetes keratinocytes skin n/a TLR4–RAGE crosstalk glucose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inflammatory alveolar macrophages thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing |
| topic_facet | hepatitis C virus infection innate immunity Toll-like receptor cytokines Omicron spike protein SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 cytokine storm NF-kappaB Toll-like receptor (TLR) monoclonal antibody TLR4 compression force MAPKs AKT human PDL sterile inflammation TLR immune system inflammation antiviral polymorphism sepsis septic shock TLR7 TLR8 2′-O-ribose-methylation RNase T2 immune activation CD14 LPS hop TLR4 oligonucleotide sncRNA endocytosis broad-spectrum antiviral agent nucleolin virus entry immunoregulation RNA therapeutics TLR7 (Toll-like receptor 7) MUC1 (Mucin 1) aluminum adjuvant tumor vaccine immunotherapy toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) advanced glycation end products (AGEs) aquaporin-3 (AQP3) histone deacetylase inhibitor diabetes keratinocytes skin n/a TLR4–RAGE crosstalk glucose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inflammatory alveolar macrophages thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing |
| url | ONIX_20230623_9783036576152_121 |