Verifying the Truth on Their Own Terms

The present volume offers a detailed analysis of a fifteenth-century court debate on God’s unicity (tawḥīd), involving the Ottoman scholars Mollā Zeyrek (d. 903/1497-98 [?]) and Ḫocazāde Muṣliḥuddīn Muṣṭafā (d. 893/1488), as a chance to highlight the dynamics of knowledge production at the time: in...

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Huvudupphov: Balıkçıoğlu, Efe Murat
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Språk:italienska
Utgiven: Edizioni Ca’ Foscari – Venice University Press 2026
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Länkar:2724-1572
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author Balıkçıoğlu, Efe Murat
author_browse Balıkçıoğlu, Efe Murat
author_facet Balıkçıoğlu, Efe Murat
author_sort Balıkçıoğlu, Efe Murat
collection Directory of Open Access Books
description The present volume offers a detailed analysis of a fifteenth-century court debate on God’s unicity (tawḥīd), involving the Ottoman scholars Mollā Zeyrek (d. 903/1497-98 [?]) and Ḫocazāde Muṣliḥuddīn Muṣṭafā (d. 893/1488), as a chance to highlight the dynamics of knowledge production at the time: in post-classical Islamic scholarship, an essential element of the process was scholars’ adroitness in synthesizing arguments from differing schools of philosophy and theology – via close readings of past masters. This dialectic unfolded during a period of imperial restructuring, at a time when Sultan Meḥmed II (d. 886/1481) realized his cosmopolitan and universalistic ambitions through his persistent patronage of philosophy and science, a case that is illustrated by his glorious palatine library. The setting, audience, and format of the debate, along with the analyses reveal that the production of knowledge in the early modern Islamic world was intricate, vibrant, and dynamic – not stale or derivative as previously thought. This book attempts at reconstructing the debate through the information found in bio-bibliographical sources, and comments on certain social and cultural aspects of the fifteenth-century Ottoman scholarship. Analyses of lemmata in the plethora of commentaries and glosses reveal that Ottoman scholars could posit numerous and disparate doctrinal positions, each referencing specific texts, through which the scholars gave their own syntheses based on their unique perspectives. This method of scholarly arbitration is called ‘verification’ (taḥqīq) and is exemplified here in Ḫocazāde’s defense and recontextualization of Avicennan philosophy in early Ottoman philosophical theology. The court debate at hand concerns Avicenna’s often-contested ontological formulation, which equaled God’s quiddity/essence to His existence and necessity, a view that went against the theological principle of God’s singularity according to a tradition of Muslim theologians. Ḫocazāde’s defense of the philosophers’ proof demonstrated that one of the senses of the ontological term ‘necessity’ that Avicenna put forth was identical to God’s quiddity/essence, as well as His ‘pure existence’. Having gained the upper hand in the debate by verifying Avicenna’s thesis, Ḫocazāde’s argumentative efforts proved that not only could the philosophers’ claim be reconciled with post-classical Islamic theology, but this proof also held true on their own terms despite Zeyrek’s (and the theologians’) objections.
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spelling doab-20.500.12854ir-1781072026-06-30T06:31:15Z Verifying the Truth on Their Own Terms Balıkçıoğlu, Efe Murat Avicennan philosophy Culture of court debate Early modern intellectual history Existence God’s unicity (tawḥīd) Knowledge production Meḥmed II’s imperial patronage Necessity Ottoman philosophy and theology Post-classical Islam Quiddity Scholarly verification (taḥqīq) Theory of disputation thema EDItEUR::1 Place qualifiers::1D Europe::1DT Eastern Europe::1DTT Turkey thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3K CE period up to c 1500::3KL c 1000 CE to c 1500::3KLY 15th century, c 1400 to c 1499 thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social and cultural anthropology thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDH Philosophical traditions and schools of thought::QDHK Islamic and Arab philosophy thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRV Aspects of religion::QRVG Theology The present volume offers a detailed analysis of a fifteenth-century court debate on God’s unicity (tawḥīd), involving the Ottoman scholars Mollā Zeyrek (d. 903/1497-98 [?]) and Ḫocazāde Muṣliḥuddīn Muṣṭafā (d. 893/1488), as a chance to highlight the dynamics of knowledge production at the time: in post-classical Islamic scholarship, an essential element of the process was scholars’ adroitness in synthesizing arguments from differing schools of philosophy and theology – via close readings of past masters. This dialectic unfolded during a period of imperial restructuring, at a time when Sultan Meḥmed II (d. 886/1481) realized his cosmopolitan and universalistic ambitions through his persistent patronage of philosophy and science, a case that is illustrated by his glorious palatine library. The setting, audience, and format of the debate, along with the analyses reveal that the production of knowledge in the early modern Islamic world was intricate, vibrant, and dynamic – not stale or derivative as previously thought. This book attempts at reconstructing the debate through the information found in bio-bibliographical sources, and comments on certain social and cultural aspects of the fifteenth-century Ottoman scholarship. Analyses of lemmata in the plethora of commentaries and glosses reveal that Ottoman scholars could posit numerous and disparate doctrinal positions, each referencing specific texts, through which the scholars gave their own syntheses based on their unique perspectives. This method of scholarly arbitration is called ‘verification’ (taḥqīq) and is exemplified here in Ḫocazāde’s defense and recontextualization of Avicennan philosophy in early Ottoman philosophical theology. The court debate at hand concerns Avicenna’s often-contested ontological formulation, which equaled God’s quiddity/essence to His existence and necessity, a view that went against the theological principle of God’s singularity according to a tradition of Muslim theologians. Ḫocazāde’s defense of the philosophers’ proof demonstrated that one of the senses of the ontological term ‘necessity’ that Avicenna put forth was identical to God’s quiddity/essence, as well as His ‘pure existence’. Having gained the upper hand in the debate by verifying Avicenna’s thesis, Ḫocazāde’s argumentative efforts proved that not only could the philosophers’ claim be reconciled with post-classical Islamic theology, but this proof also held true on their own terms despite Zeyrek’s (and the theologians’) objections. 2026-06-30T06:31:10Z 2026-06-30T06:31:10Z 2026-06-29T10:20:19Z 2023 book 2724-1572 https://edizionicafoscari.it/en/edizioni4/libri/978-88-6969-644-2/ https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/114457 9788869696435 https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/178107 ita Knowledge Hegemonies in the Early Modern World open access image/jpeg https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/114457/4/9788869696435.pdf Edizioni Ca’ Foscari – Venice University Press 10.30687/978-88-6969-643-5 10.30687/978-88-6969-643-5 9788869696435 Edizioni Ca’ Foscari – Venice University Press 248 Venice, Italy open access
spellingShingle Avicennan philosophy
Culture of court debate
Early modern intellectual history
Existence
God’s unicity (tawḥīd)
Knowledge production
Meḥmed II’s imperial patronage
Necessity
Ottoman philosophy and theology
Post-classical Islam
Quiddity
Scholarly verification (taḥqīq)
Theory of disputation
thema EDItEUR::1 Place qualifiers::1D Europe::1DT Eastern Europe::1DTT Turkey
thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3K CE period up to c 1500::3KL c 1000 CE to c 1500::3KLY 15th century, c 1400 to c 1499
thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics
thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies
thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social and cultural anthropology
thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDH Philosophical traditions and schools of thought::QDHK Islamic and Arab philosophy
thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRV Aspects of religion::QRVG Theology
Balıkçıoğlu, Efe Murat
Verifying the Truth on Their Own Terms
title Verifying the Truth on Their Own Terms
title_full Verifying the Truth on Their Own Terms
title_fullStr Verifying the Truth on Their Own Terms
title_full_unstemmed Verifying the Truth on Their Own Terms
title_short Verifying the Truth on Their Own Terms
title_sort verifying the truth on their own terms
topic Avicennan philosophy
Culture of court debate
Early modern intellectual history
Existence
God’s unicity (tawḥīd)
Knowledge production
Meḥmed II’s imperial patronage
Necessity
Ottoman philosophy and theology
Post-classical Islam
Quiddity
Scholarly verification (taḥqīq)
Theory of disputation
thema EDItEUR::1 Place qualifiers::1D Europe::1DT Eastern Europe::1DTT Turkey
thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3K CE period up to c 1500::3KL c 1000 CE to c 1500::3KLY 15th century, c 1400 to c 1499
thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics
thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies
thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social and cultural anthropology
thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDH Philosophical traditions and schools of thought::QDHK Islamic and Arab philosophy
thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRV Aspects of religion::QRVG Theology
topic_facet Avicennan philosophy
Culture of court debate
Early modern intellectual history
Existence
God’s unicity (tawḥīd)
Knowledge production
Meḥmed II’s imperial patronage
Necessity
Ottoman philosophy and theology
Post-classical Islam
Quiddity
Scholarly verification (taḥqīq)
Theory of disputation
thema EDItEUR::1 Place qualifiers::1D Europe::1DT Eastern Europe::1DTT Turkey
thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3K CE period up to c 1500::3KL c 1000 CE to c 1500::3KLY 15th century, c 1400 to c 1499
thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics
thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies
thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social and cultural anthropology
thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDH Philosophical traditions and schools of thought::QDHK Islamic and Arab philosophy
thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRV Aspects of religion::QRVG Theology
url 2724-1572
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