CD4+ T cell differentiation in infection: amendments to the Th1/Th2 axiom
CD4+ T lymphocytes play an essential role in host defense against bacterial, parasitic and viral infections. During infection, under the influence of intrinsic signals received through peptide-MHC/TCR interactions and extrinsic signals provided by pathogen-conditioned dendritic and other accessory c...
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| Ձևաչափ: | Online |
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Frontiers Media SA
2021
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| Խորագրեր: | |
| Առցանց հասանելիություն: | 18174 |
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| _version_ | 1869515551468945408 |
|---|---|
| author | Carl G Feng Dragana Jankovic |
| author_browse | Carl G Feng Dragana Jankovic |
| author_facet | Carl G Feng Dragana Jankovic |
| author_sort | Carl G Feng |
| collection | Directory of Open Access Books |
| description | CD4+ T lymphocytes play an essential role in host defense against bacterial, parasitic and viral infections. During infection, under the influence of intrinsic signals received through peptide-MHC/TCR interactions and extrinsic signals provided by pathogen-conditioned dendritic and other accessory cells, CD4+ T cells proliferate and differentiate into specialized T helper (Th) effectors, which produce distinct sets of cytokines tailored to combat a specific class of microbes. The concept of CD4+ T cell multi-functionality was developed after the seminal discovery of Th1 and Th2 cells nearly 30 years ago. Although the Th1/Th2 paradigm has successfully withstood the test of time, in the past decade additional Th subsets (Th17, Tfh, Th22, Th9) have been identified. Similarly, single cell analyses of cytokines and master transcriptional factors have revealed that, at the population level, CD4+ T cell responses are far more heterogeneous than initially anticipated. While some of the checkpoints in Th cell specification have been identified, recent studies of transcriptional and epigenetic regulation have uncovered a significant flexibility during the course CD4+ T lymphocyte polarization. In addition, Th cells expressing cytokines with counteracting functions, as a measure of self-regulation, display yet another level of diversity. Understanding the mechanisms that control the balance between stability vs. plasticity of Th effectors both at the time of initiation of immune response and during development of CD4 T cell memory is critical for the rational design of better vaccines and new immunotherapeutic strategies. This research topic will cover current views on Th cell development, with a focus on the mechanisms that govern differentiation, function and regulation of effector Th cells in the context of microbial infections. |
| format | Online |
| id | doab-20.500.12854ir-42835 |
| institution | Directory of Open Access Books |
| language | eng |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateRange | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media SA |
| publisherStr | Frontiers Media SA |
| record_format | ojs |
| spelling | doab-20.500.12854ir-428352024-03-30T23:21:45Z CD4+ T cell differentiation in infection: amendments to the Th1/Th2 axiom Carl G Feng Dragana Jankovic R5-920 RC581-607 Infection Dendritic Cells Cytokines Immunoregulation CD4 lymphocytes Memory long noncoding RNA Macrophages Metabolism Th1 Th2 thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing CD4+ T lymphocytes play an essential role in host defense against bacterial, parasitic and viral infections. During infection, under the influence of intrinsic signals received through peptide-MHC/TCR interactions and extrinsic signals provided by pathogen-conditioned dendritic and other accessory cells, CD4+ T cells proliferate and differentiate into specialized T helper (Th) effectors, which produce distinct sets of cytokines tailored to combat a specific class of microbes. The concept of CD4+ T cell multi-functionality was developed after the seminal discovery of Th1 and Th2 cells nearly 30 years ago. Although the Th1/Th2 paradigm has successfully withstood the test of time, in the past decade additional Th subsets (Th17, Tfh, Th22, Th9) have been identified. Similarly, single cell analyses of cytokines and master transcriptional factors have revealed that, at the population level, CD4+ T cell responses are far more heterogeneous than initially anticipated. While some of the checkpoints in Th cell specification have been identified, recent studies of transcriptional and epigenetic regulation have uncovered a significant flexibility during the course CD4+ T lymphocyte polarization. In addition, Th cells expressing cytokines with counteracting functions, as a measure of self-regulation, display yet another level of diversity. Understanding the mechanisms that control the balance between stability vs. plasticity of Th effectors both at the time of initiation of immune response and during development of CD4 T cell memory is critical for the rational design of better vaccines and new immunotherapeutic strategies. This research topic will cover current views on Th cell development, with a focus on the mechanisms that govern differentiation, function and regulation of effector Th cells in the context of microbial infections. 2021-02-11T09:35:53Z 2021-02-11T09:35:53Z 2016-01-19 14:05:46 2015 book 18174 16648714 9782889195657 https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/42835 eng Frontiers Research Topics image/jpeg Attribution 4.0 International http://www.frontiersin.org/books/CD4_T_cell_differentiation_in_infection_amendments_to_the_Th1_Th2_axiom/561#nogo http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/2203/cd4-t-cell-differentiation-in-infection-amendments-to-the-th1th2-axiom Frontiers Media SA 10.3389/978-2-88919-565-7 10.3389/978-2-88919-565-7 bf5ce210-e72e-4860-ba9b-c305640ff3ae 9782889195657 111 open access |
| spellingShingle | R5-920 RC581-607 Infection Dendritic Cells Cytokines Immunoregulation CD4 lymphocytes Memory long noncoding RNA Macrophages Metabolism Th1 Th2 thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing Carl G Feng Dragana Jankovic CD4+ T cell differentiation in infection: amendments to the Th1/Th2 axiom |
| title | CD4+ T cell differentiation in infection: amendments to the Th1/Th2 axiom |
| title_full | CD4+ T cell differentiation in infection: amendments to the Th1/Th2 axiom |
| title_fullStr | CD4+ T cell differentiation in infection: amendments to the Th1/Th2 axiom |
| title_full_unstemmed | CD4+ T cell differentiation in infection: amendments to the Th1/Th2 axiom |
| title_short | CD4+ T cell differentiation in infection: amendments to the Th1/Th2 axiom |
| title_sort | cd4 t cell differentiation in infection amendments to the th1 th2 axiom |
| topic | R5-920 RC581-607 Infection Dendritic Cells Cytokines Immunoregulation CD4 lymphocytes Memory long noncoding RNA Macrophages Metabolism Th1 Th2 thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing |
| topic_facet | R5-920 RC581-607 Infection Dendritic Cells Cytokines Immunoregulation CD4 lymphocytes Memory long noncoding RNA Macrophages Metabolism Th1 Th2 thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing |
| url | 18174 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT carlgfeng cd4tcelldifferentiationininfectionamendmentstotheth1th2axiom AT draganajankovic cd4tcelldifferentiationininfectionamendmentstotheth1th2axiom |