NETosis 2: The Excitement Continues
NETosis, a form of cell death that manifests by the release of decondensed chromatin to the extracellular space, provides valuable insights into mechanisms and consequences of cellular demise. Because extracellular chromatin can immobilize microbes, the extended nucleohistone network was called a ne...
Gardado en:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Formato: | Online |
| Idioma: | inglés |
| Publicado: |
Frontiers Media SA
2021
|
| Subjects: | |
| Acceso en liña: | 29612 |
| Tags: |
Sen Etiquetas, Sexa o primeiro en etiquetar este rexistro!
|
| _version_ | 1869522185751625728 |
|---|---|
| author | Mariana J. Kaplan Martin Herrmann Marko Radic |
| author_browse | Mariana J. Kaplan Marko Radic Martin Herrmann |
| author_facet | Mariana J. Kaplan Martin Herrmann Marko Radic |
| author_sort | Mariana J. Kaplan |
| collection | Directory of Open Access Books |
| description | NETosis, a form of cell death that manifests by the release of decondensed chromatin to the extracellular space, provides valuable insights into mechanisms and consequences of cellular demise. Because extracellular chromatin can immobilize microbes, the extended nucleohistone network was called a neutrophil extracellular trap (NET), and the process of chromatin release was proposed to serve an innate immune defense function. Extracellular chromatin NETs were initially observed in studies of neutrophils and are most prominent in these types of granulocytes. Subsequent studies showed that other granulocytes and, in a limited way, other cells of the innate immune response may also release nuclear chromatin following certain kinds of stimulation. Variations of NETosis were noted with cells that remain temporarily motile after the release of chromatin. Numerous stimuli for NETosis were discovered, including bacterial breakdown products, inflammatory stimuli, particulate matter, certain crystals, immune complexes and activated thrombocytes. Fundamental explorations into the mechanisms of NETosis observed that neutrophil enzyme activity (PAD4, neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase) and signal transduction pathways contribute to the regulation of NETosis. Histones in NET chromatin become modified by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and cleaved at specific sites by proteases, leading to extensive chromatin externalization. In addition, NETs serve for attachment of bactericidal enzymes including myeloperoxidase, leukocyte proteases, and the cathelicidin LL-37. NETs are decorated with proteases and may thus contribute to tissue destruction. However, the attachment of these enzymes to NET-associated supramolecular structures restricts systemic spread of the proteolytic activity. While the benefit of NETs in an infection appears obvious, NETs also participate as key protagonists in various pathologic states. Therefore, it is essential for NETs to be efficiently cleared; otherwise digestive enzymes may gain access to tissues where inflammation takes place. Persistent NET exposure at sites of inflammation may lead to a further complication: NET antigens may provoke acquired immune responses and, over time, could initiate autoimmune reactions, serve as antigen for nuclear autoantibodies and foster DNA immune complex-related inflammation. Neutrophil products and deiminated proteins comprise an important group of autoantigens in musculoskeletal disorders. Aberrant NET synthesis and/or clearance are often associated with inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Recent evidence also implicates aberrant NET formation in the development of endothelial damage, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Intravital microscopy provides evidence for conditions that induce NETosis in vivo. Furthermore, NETs can easily be detected in synovial fluid and tissue sections of patients with arthritis and gout. NETosis is thus of interest to researchers who investigate innate immune responses, host-pathogen interactions, chronic inflammatory disorders, cell and vascular biology, biochemistry, and autoimmunity. As we enter the second decade of research on NETosis, it is useful and timely to review the mechanisms and pathways of NET formation, their role in bacterial and fungal defense and their importance as inducers of autoimmune responses. |
| format | Online |
| id | doab-20.500.12854ir-54435 |
| institution | Directory of Open Access Books |
| language | eng |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateRange | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media SA |
| publisherStr | Frontiers Media SA |
| record_format | ojs |
| spelling | doab-20.500.12854ir-544352024-03-30T23:23:00Z NETosis 2: The Excitement Continues Mariana J. Kaplan Martin Herrmann Marko Radic R5-920 RC581-607 Infection Autoimmunity Microscopy Immune Cell Interactions Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Inflammation Mechanisms of Cell Death Chronic Disease thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing NETosis, a form of cell death that manifests by the release of decondensed chromatin to the extracellular space, provides valuable insights into mechanisms and consequences of cellular demise. Because extracellular chromatin can immobilize microbes, the extended nucleohistone network was called a neutrophil extracellular trap (NET), and the process of chromatin release was proposed to serve an innate immune defense function. Extracellular chromatin NETs were initially observed in studies of neutrophils and are most prominent in these types of granulocytes. Subsequent studies showed that other granulocytes and, in a limited way, other cells of the innate immune response may also release nuclear chromatin following certain kinds of stimulation. Variations of NETosis were noted with cells that remain temporarily motile after the release of chromatin. Numerous stimuli for NETosis were discovered, including bacterial breakdown products, inflammatory stimuli, particulate matter, certain crystals, immune complexes and activated thrombocytes. Fundamental explorations into the mechanisms of NETosis observed that neutrophil enzyme activity (PAD4, neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase) and signal transduction pathways contribute to the regulation of NETosis. Histones in NET chromatin become modified by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and cleaved at specific sites by proteases, leading to extensive chromatin externalization. In addition, NETs serve for attachment of bactericidal enzymes including myeloperoxidase, leukocyte proteases, and the cathelicidin LL-37. NETs are decorated with proteases and may thus contribute to tissue destruction. However, the attachment of these enzymes to NET-associated supramolecular structures restricts systemic spread of the proteolytic activity. While the benefit of NETs in an infection appears obvious, NETs also participate as key protagonists in various pathologic states. Therefore, it is essential for NETs to be efficiently cleared; otherwise digestive enzymes may gain access to tissues where inflammation takes place. Persistent NET exposure at sites of inflammation may lead to a further complication: NET antigens may provoke acquired immune responses and, over time, could initiate autoimmune reactions, serve as antigen for nuclear autoantibodies and foster DNA immune complex-related inflammation. Neutrophil products and deiminated proteins comprise an important group of autoantigens in musculoskeletal disorders. Aberrant NET synthesis and/or clearance are often associated with inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Recent evidence also implicates aberrant NET formation in the development of endothelial damage, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Intravital microscopy provides evidence for conditions that induce NETosis in vivo. Furthermore, NETs can easily be detected in synovial fluid and tissue sections of patients with arthritis and gout. NETosis is thus of interest to researchers who investigate innate immune responses, host-pathogen interactions, chronic inflammatory disorders, cell and vascular biology, biochemistry, and autoimmunity. As we enter the second decade of research on NETosis, it is useful and timely to review the mechanisms and pathways of NET formation, their role in bacterial and fungal defense and their importance as inducers of autoimmune responses. 2021-02-11T20:46:28Z 2021-02-11T20:46:28Z 2018-11-16 17:17:57 2017 book 29612 16648714 9782889453795 https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/54435 eng Frontiers Research Topics image/jpeg Attribution 4.0 International https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/4431/netosis-2-the-excitement-continues Frontiers Media SA 10.3389/978-2-88945-379-5 10.3389/978-2-88945-379-5 bf5ce210-e72e-4860-ba9b-c305640ff3ae 9782889453795 362 open access |
| spellingShingle | R5-920 RC581-607 Infection Autoimmunity Microscopy Immune Cell Interactions Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Inflammation Mechanisms of Cell Death Chronic Disease thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing Mariana J. Kaplan Martin Herrmann Marko Radic NETosis 2: The Excitement Continues |
| title | NETosis 2: The Excitement Continues |
| title_full | NETosis 2: The Excitement Continues |
| title_fullStr | NETosis 2: The Excitement Continues |
| title_full_unstemmed | NETosis 2: The Excitement Continues |
| title_short | NETosis 2: The Excitement Continues |
| title_sort | netosis 2 the excitement continues |
| topic | R5-920 RC581-607 Infection Autoimmunity Microscopy Immune Cell Interactions Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Inflammation Mechanisms of Cell Death Chronic Disease thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing |
| topic_facet | R5-920 RC581-607 Infection Autoimmunity Microscopy Immune Cell Interactions Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Inflammation Mechanisms of Cell Death Chronic Disease thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing |
| url | 29612 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT marianajkaplan netosis2theexcitementcontinues AT martinherrmann netosis2theexcitementcontinues AT markoradic netosis2theexcitementcontinues |