Neuro-motor control and feed-forward models of locomotion in humans
Locomotion involves many different muscles and the need of controlling several degrees of freedom. Despite the Central Nervous System can finely control the contraction of individual muscles, emerging evidences indicate that strategies for the reduction of the complexity of movement and for compensa...
Na minha lista:
| Principais autores: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Formato: | Online |
| Idioma: | inglês |
| Publicado em: |
Frontiers Media SA
2021
|
| Assuntos: | |
| Acesso em linha: | 19522 |
| Tags: |
Sem tags, seja o primeiro a adicionar uma tag!
|
| _version_ | 1869516876726403072 |
|---|---|
| author | Nadia Dominici Federica Tamburella Marco Iosa Leonardo Gizzi |
| author_browse | Federica Tamburella Leonardo Gizzi Marco Iosa Nadia Dominici |
| author_facet | Nadia Dominici Federica Tamburella Marco Iosa Leonardo Gizzi |
| author_sort | Nadia Dominici |
| collection | Directory of Open Access Books |
| description | Locomotion involves many different muscles and the need of controlling several degrees of freedom. Despite the Central Nervous System can finely control the contraction of individual muscles, emerging evidences indicate that strategies for the reduction of the complexity of movement and for compensating the sensorimotor delays may be adopted. Experimental evidences in animal and lately human model led to the concept of a central pattern generator (CPG) which suggests that circuitry within the distal part of CNS, i.e. spinal cord, can generate the basic locomotor patterns, even in the absence of sensory information. Different studies pointed out the role of CPG in the control of locomotion as well as others investigated the neuroplasticity of CPG allowing for gait recovery after spinal cord lesion. Literature was also focused on muscle synergies, i.e. the combination of (locomotor) functional modules, implemented in neuronal networks of the spinal cord, generating specific motor output by imposing a specific timing structure and appropriate weightings to muscle activations. Despite the great interest that this approach generated in the last years in the Scientific Community, large areas of investigations remain available for further improvement (e.g. the influence of afferent feedback and environmental constrains) for both experimental and simulated models. However, also supraspinal structures are involved during locomotion, and it has been shown that they are responsible for initiating and modifying the features of this basic rhythm, for stabilising the upright walking, and for coordinating movements in a dynamic changing environment. Furthermore, specific damages into spinal and supraspinal structures result in specific alterations of human locomotion, as evident in subjects with brain injuries such as stroke, brain trauma, or people with cerebral palsy, in people with death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra due to Parkinson’s disease, or in subjects with cerebellar dysfunctions, such as patients with ataxia. The role of cerebellum during locomotion has been shown to be related to coordination and adaptation of movements. Cerebellum is the structure of CNS where are conceivably located the internal models, that are neural representations miming meaningful aspects of our body, such as input/output characteristics of sensorimotor system. Internal model control has been shown to be at the basis of motor strategies for compensating delays or lacks in sensorimotor feedbacks, and some aspects of locomotion need predictive internal control, especially for improving gait dynamic stability, for avoiding obstacles or when sensory feedback is altered or lacking. Furthermore, despite internal model concepts are widespread in neuroscience and neurocognitive science, neurorehabilitation paid far too little attention to the potential role of internal model control on gait recovery. Many important scientists have contributed to this Research Topic with original studies, computational studies, and review articles focused on neural circuits and internal models involved in the control of human locomotion, aiming at understanding the role played in control of locomotion of different neural circuits located at brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord levels. |
| format | Online |
| id | doab-20.500.12854ir-54487 |
| institution | Directory of Open Access Books |
| language | eng |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateRange | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media SA |
| publisherStr | Frontiers Media SA |
| record_format | ojs |
| spelling | doab-20.500.12854ir-544872024-04-05T12:35:43Z Neuro-motor control and feed-forward models of locomotion in humans Nadia Dominici Federica Tamburella Marco Iosa Leonardo Gizzi RC321-571 Q1-390 Cerebellum Walking Locomotion Brain Gait Spinal Cord central pattern generator Feedback feedforward internal model thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences Locomotion involves many different muscles and the need of controlling several degrees of freedom. Despite the Central Nervous System can finely control the contraction of individual muscles, emerging evidences indicate that strategies for the reduction of the complexity of movement and for compensating the sensorimotor delays may be adopted. Experimental evidences in animal and lately human model led to the concept of a central pattern generator (CPG) which suggests that circuitry within the distal part of CNS, i.e. spinal cord, can generate the basic locomotor patterns, even in the absence of sensory information. Different studies pointed out the role of CPG in the control of locomotion as well as others investigated the neuroplasticity of CPG allowing for gait recovery after spinal cord lesion. Literature was also focused on muscle synergies, i.e. the combination of (locomotor) functional modules, implemented in neuronal networks of the spinal cord, generating specific motor output by imposing a specific timing structure and appropriate weightings to muscle activations. Despite the great interest that this approach generated in the last years in the Scientific Community, large areas of investigations remain available for further improvement (e.g. the influence of afferent feedback and environmental constrains) for both experimental and simulated models. However, also supraspinal structures are involved during locomotion, and it has been shown that they are responsible for initiating and modifying the features of this basic rhythm, for stabilising the upright walking, and for coordinating movements in a dynamic changing environment. Furthermore, specific damages into spinal and supraspinal structures result in specific alterations of human locomotion, as evident in subjects with brain injuries such as stroke, brain trauma, or people with cerebral palsy, in people with death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra due to Parkinson’s disease, or in subjects with cerebellar dysfunctions, such as patients with ataxia. The role of cerebellum during locomotion has been shown to be related to coordination and adaptation of movements. Cerebellum is the structure of CNS where are conceivably located the internal models, that are neural representations miming meaningful aspects of our body, such as input/output characteristics of sensorimotor system. Internal model control has been shown to be at the basis of motor strategies for compensating delays or lacks in sensorimotor feedbacks, and some aspects of locomotion need predictive internal control, especially for improving gait dynamic stability, for avoiding obstacles or when sensory feedback is altered or lacking. Furthermore, despite internal model concepts are widespread in neuroscience and neurocognitive science, neurorehabilitation paid far too little attention to the potential role of internal model control on gait recovery. Many important scientists have contributed to this Research Topic with original studies, computational studies, and review articles focused on neural circuits and internal models involved in the control of human locomotion, aiming at understanding the role played in control of locomotion of different neural circuits located at brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord levels. 2021-02-11T20:48:42Z 2021-02-11T20:48:42Z 2016-08-16 10:34:25 2015 book 19522 16648714 9782889196142 https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/54487 eng Frontiers Research Topics image/jpeg Attribution 4.0 International http://www.frontiersin.org/books/Neuro-motor_Control_and_Feed-forward_Models_of_Locomotion_in_Humans/659#nogo http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/1623/neuro-motor-control-and-feed-forward-models-of-locomotion-in-humans Frontiers Media SA 10.3389/978-2-88919-614-2 10.3389/978-2-88919-614-2 bf5ce210-e72e-4860-ba9b-c305640ff3ae 9782889196142 190 open access |
| spellingShingle | RC321-571 Q1-390 Cerebellum Walking Locomotion Brain Gait Spinal Cord central pattern generator Feedback feedforward internal model thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences Nadia Dominici Federica Tamburella Marco Iosa Leonardo Gizzi Neuro-motor control and feed-forward models of locomotion in humans |
| title | Neuro-motor control and feed-forward models of locomotion in humans |
| title_full | Neuro-motor control and feed-forward models of locomotion in humans |
| title_fullStr | Neuro-motor control and feed-forward models of locomotion in humans |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neuro-motor control and feed-forward models of locomotion in humans |
| title_short | Neuro-motor control and feed-forward models of locomotion in humans |
| title_sort | neuro motor control and feed forward models of locomotion in humans |
| topic | RC321-571 Q1-390 Cerebellum Walking Locomotion Brain Gait Spinal Cord central pattern generator Feedback feedforward internal model thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences |
| topic_facet | RC321-571 Q1-390 Cerebellum Walking Locomotion Brain Gait Spinal Cord central pattern generator Feedback feedforward internal model thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences |
| url | 19522 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nadiadominici neuromotorcontrolandfeedforwardmodelsoflocomotioninhumans AT federicatamburella neuromotorcontrolandfeedforwardmodelsoflocomotioninhumans AT marcoiosa neuromotorcontrolandfeedforwardmodelsoflocomotioninhumans AT leonardogizzi neuromotorcontrolandfeedforwardmodelsoflocomotioninhumans |