Chapter Graphene and Active Metamaterials: Theoretical Methods and Physical Properties
Protective immune defences are dependent upon critical roles played by dendritic cells (DCs), rendering them important targets for both vaccine delivery and virus infection. Studies in these areas led to successful development of targeted vaccine delivery, including synthetic virus-like particle (SV...
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| Format: | Online |
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InTechOpen
2021
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| Online dostop: | ONIX_20210602_10.5772/67900_303 |
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| _version_ | 1869523584082247680 |
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| author | Mattheakis, Marios Kaxiras, Efthimios Tsironis, G. P. |
| author_browse | Kaxiras, Efthimios Mattheakis, Marios Tsironis, G. P. |
| author_facet | Mattheakis, Marios Kaxiras, Efthimios Tsironis, G. P. |
| author_sort | Mattheakis, Marios |
| collection | Directory of Open Access Books |
| description | Protective immune defences are dependent upon critical roles played by dendritic cells (DCs), rendering them important targets for both vaccine delivery and virus infection. Studies in these areas led to successful development of targeted vaccine delivery, including synthetic virus-like particle (SVLP) and nanoparticulate RNA vaccines. A major consideration is DC endocytosis, whereby the different endocytic routes influencing the outcome. Rapid clathrin-mediated endocytosis likely favours degradative pathways. Slower processes such as macropinocytosis, caveolar endocytosis and retrograde transport to endoplasmic reticulum relate more to the processing rates leading to antigen presentation by DCs. These pathways are also influential in promoting the initiation of virus replication following infection. DC endocytosis of RNA viruses and RNA vaccines must lead to cytosolic translocation of the RNA for translation, relating to the process of antigen cross-presentation. One can learn from observations on both virus infections and cross-presentation for delivering RNA vaccines. Accordingly, recent advances in nanoparticulate delivery have been applied with self-amplifying replicon RNA (RepRNA), providing efficient delivery to DCs and promoting replicon-encoded antigen translation. Through realising the important relationships between DC endocytic pathways and induction of immune responses, delivery of SVLP and RepRNA vaccines to DCs offers high value for the development of future synthetic vaccine platforms. |
| format | Online |
| id | doab-20.500.12854ir-70632 |
| institution | Directory of Open Access Books |
| language | eng |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateRange | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | InTechOpen |
| publisherStr | InTechOpen |
| record_format | ojs |
| spelling | doab-20.500.12854ir-706322024-03-31T22:43:51Z Chapter Graphene and Active Metamaterials: Theoretical Methods and Physical Properties Mattheakis, Marios Kaxiras, Efthimios Tsironis, G. P. dendritic cells, endocytosis, virus infection, vaccines, SVLPs, self-amplifying RNA thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJC Diseases and disorders::MJCM Immunology Protective immune defences are dependent upon critical roles played by dendritic cells (DCs), rendering them important targets for both vaccine delivery and virus infection. Studies in these areas led to successful development of targeted vaccine delivery, including synthetic virus-like particle (SVLP) and nanoparticulate RNA vaccines. A major consideration is DC endocytosis, whereby the different endocytic routes influencing the outcome. Rapid clathrin-mediated endocytosis likely favours degradative pathways. Slower processes such as macropinocytosis, caveolar endocytosis and retrograde transport to endoplasmic reticulum relate more to the processing rates leading to antigen presentation by DCs. These pathways are also influential in promoting the initiation of virus replication following infection. DC endocytosis of RNA viruses and RNA vaccines must lead to cytosolic translocation of the RNA for translation, relating to the process of antigen cross-presentation. One can learn from observations on both virus infections and cross-presentation for delivering RNA vaccines. Accordingly, recent advances in nanoparticulate delivery have been applied with self-amplifying replicon RNA (RepRNA), providing efficient delivery to DCs and promoting replicon-encoded antigen translation. Through realising the important relationships between DC endocytic pathways and induction of immune responses, delivery of SVLP and RepRNA vaccines to DCs offers high value for the development of future synthetic vaccine platforms. 2021-02-10T12:58:18Z 2021-06-02T10:08:59Z 2017 chapter ONIX_20210602_10.5772/67900_303 https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/49189 https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/70632 eng open access image/jpeg image/jpeg n/a n/a https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/49189/1/54822.pdf https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/49189/1/54822.pdf InTechOpen 10.5772/67900 10.5772/67900 035ecc65-6737-43cf-a13a-6bdf67ce01f4 open access |
| spellingShingle | dendritic cells, endocytosis, virus infection, vaccines, SVLPs, self-amplifying RNA thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJC Diseases and disorders::MJCM Immunology Mattheakis, Marios Kaxiras, Efthimios Tsironis, G. P. Chapter Graphene and Active Metamaterials: Theoretical Methods and Physical Properties |
| title | Chapter Graphene and Active Metamaterials: Theoretical Methods and Physical Properties |
| title_full | Chapter Graphene and Active Metamaterials: Theoretical Methods and Physical Properties |
| title_fullStr | Chapter Graphene and Active Metamaterials: Theoretical Methods and Physical Properties |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chapter Graphene and Active Metamaterials: Theoretical Methods and Physical Properties |
| title_short | Chapter Graphene and Active Metamaterials: Theoretical Methods and Physical Properties |
| title_sort | chapter graphene and active metamaterials theoretical methods and physical properties |
| topic | dendritic cells, endocytosis, virus infection, vaccines, SVLPs, self-amplifying RNA thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJC Diseases and disorders::MJCM Immunology |
| topic_facet | dendritic cells, endocytosis, virus infection, vaccines, SVLPs, self-amplifying RNA thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJC Diseases and disorders::MJCM Immunology |
| url | ONIX_20210602_10.5772/67900_303 |
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