Shaping the Brain by Neuronal Cytoskeleton: From Development to Disease and Regeneration
The coordinated action of the different cytoskeletal polymers--microtubules, actin filaments and neurofilaments-- is essential for the establishment, remodeling and maintenance of neuronal architecture throughout the neuron lifetime. Neurons are among the most polarized cells, with a long thin axon...
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2021
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| description | The coordinated action of the different cytoskeletal polymers--microtubules, actin filaments and neurofilaments-- is essential for the establishment, remodeling and maintenance of neuronal architecture throughout the neuron lifetime. Neurons are among the most polarized cells, with a long thin axon and multiple thicker and shorter dendrites. Achieving this complex morphology, and the precise and accurate formation of an intricate network of synaptic contacts is critical for the proper transmission and reception of signals in the brain. Neuronal polarization precedes axon outgrowth and the subsequent differentiation of short neurites into dendrites, as part of the neuronal differentiation program that involves both intrinsic and extrinsic signals that converge at the cytoskeletal level. Growth cones, which are sensory and locomotor structures located at the tip of growing axons, are key elements in the transduction of extracellular cues into cytoskeletal changes, guiding axons to their right destinations. Neuronal migration, another crucial process during brain development, occurs in close coordination with neuronal differentiation. Migration involves as well an extensive rearrangement of neuronal cell shape that relies on cytoskeleton reorganization. Further processes, such as dendritic spine formation and growth, establishment of synaptic contacts or synaptic plasticity in mature neurons also depend on cytoskeletal dynamics. Fine-tune regulation of neuronal cytoskeleton is therefore crucial for the maintenance of neuronal integrity and functionality. Mutations in genes that code for cytoskeletal proteins often have deleterious effects in neurons, such as abnormal migration or differentiation, deficient axonal transport of organelles and synaptic vesicles, or impaired synaptic signaling. Several human Nervous System disorders, including neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases, have been linked to cytoskeletal dysfunction. Cytoskeletal reorganization is also crucial to regulate nerve cell repair following Nervous System injury. Many of the pathways that control cell-intrinsic axon regeneration lead to axon cytoskeletal remodeling. Moreover, most extracellular cues that inhibit regeneration of damaged axons in Central Nervous System following traumatic injury or neurodegeneration, are known to modulate cytoskeletal dynamics and organization. Based on these findings, regulators of cytoskeleton dynamics have emerged as promising therapeutic targets in several brain disorders and in the context of regeneration of injured axons. Hence, remodeling of neuronal cytoskeleton underlies all the dramatic morphological changes that occur in developing and adult neurons. Understanding the specific molecular mechanisms that control cytoskeleton rearrangements in neurons is far from complete. This Frontiers Research Topic gathers a selection of articles focused on the diverse and key roles of cytoskeleton in neuronal biology. |
| format | Online |
| id | doab-20.500.12854ir-73704 |
| institution | Directory of Open Access Books |
| language | eng |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateRange | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media SA |
| publisherStr | Frontiers Media SA |
| record_format | ojs |
| spelling | doab-20.500.12854ir-737042024-04-04T19:20:04Z Shaping the Brain by Neuronal Cytoskeleton: From Development to Disease and Regeneration Laura Sayas, C. Mendes Sousa, Monica Avila, Jesus neuronal cytoskeleton astrocyte cytoskeleton microtubules (MTs) actin cytoskeleton tau neuron thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences The coordinated action of the different cytoskeletal polymers--microtubules, actin filaments and neurofilaments-- is essential for the establishment, remodeling and maintenance of neuronal architecture throughout the neuron lifetime. Neurons are among the most polarized cells, with a long thin axon and multiple thicker and shorter dendrites. Achieving this complex morphology, and the precise and accurate formation of an intricate network of synaptic contacts is critical for the proper transmission and reception of signals in the brain. Neuronal polarization precedes axon outgrowth and the subsequent differentiation of short neurites into dendrites, as part of the neuronal differentiation program that involves both intrinsic and extrinsic signals that converge at the cytoskeletal level. Growth cones, which are sensory and locomotor structures located at the tip of growing axons, are key elements in the transduction of extracellular cues into cytoskeletal changes, guiding axons to their right destinations. Neuronal migration, another crucial process during brain development, occurs in close coordination with neuronal differentiation. Migration involves as well an extensive rearrangement of neuronal cell shape that relies on cytoskeleton reorganization. Further processes, such as dendritic spine formation and growth, establishment of synaptic contacts or synaptic plasticity in mature neurons also depend on cytoskeletal dynamics. Fine-tune regulation of neuronal cytoskeleton is therefore crucial for the maintenance of neuronal integrity and functionality. Mutations in genes that code for cytoskeletal proteins often have deleterious effects in neurons, such as abnormal migration or differentiation, deficient axonal transport of organelles and synaptic vesicles, or impaired synaptic signaling. Several human Nervous System disorders, including neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases, have been linked to cytoskeletal dysfunction. Cytoskeletal reorganization is also crucial to regulate nerve cell repair following Nervous System injury. Many of the pathways that control cell-intrinsic axon regeneration lead to axon cytoskeletal remodeling. Moreover, most extracellular cues that inhibit regeneration of damaged axons in Central Nervous System following traumatic injury or neurodegeneration, are known to modulate cytoskeletal dynamics and organization. Based on these findings, regulators of cytoskeleton dynamics have emerged as promising therapeutic targets in several brain disorders and in the context of regeneration of injured axons. Hence, remodeling of neuronal cytoskeleton underlies all the dramatic morphological changes that occur in developing and adult neurons. Understanding the specific molecular mechanisms that control cytoskeleton rearrangements in neurons is far from complete. This Frontiers Research Topic gathers a selection of articles focused on the diverse and key roles of cytoskeleton in neuronal biology. 2021-11-18T16:22:57Z 2021-11-18T16:22:57Z 2020 book ONIX_20211118_9782889635528_836 9782889635528 https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/73704 eng image/jpeg Attribution 4.0 International https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/5963/shaping-the-brain-by-neuronal-cytoskeleton-from-development-to-disease-and-regeneration https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/5963/shaping-the-brain-by-neuronal-cytoskeleton-from-development-to-disease-and-regeneration Frontiers Media SA 10.3389/978-2-88963-552-8 10.3389/978-2-88963-552-8 bf5ce210-e72e-4860-ba9b-c305640ff3ae 9782889635528 185 open access |
| spellingShingle | neuronal cytoskeleton astrocyte cytoskeleton microtubules (MTs) actin cytoskeleton tau neuron thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences Shaping the Brain by Neuronal Cytoskeleton: From Development to Disease and Regeneration |
| title | Shaping the Brain by Neuronal Cytoskeleton: From Development to Disease and Regeneration |
| title_full | Shaping the Brain by Neuronal Cytoskeleton: From Development to Disease and Regeneration |
| title_fullStr | Shaping the Brain by Neuronal Cytoskeleton: From Development to Disease and Regeneration |
| title_full_unstemmed | Shaping the Brain by Neuronal Cytoskeleton: From Development to Disease and Regeneration |
| title_short | Shaping the Brain by Neuronal Cytoskeleton: From Development to Disease and Regeneration |
| title_sort | shaping the brain by neuronal cytoskeleton from development to disease and regeneration |
| topic | neuronal cytoskeleton astrocyte cytoskeleton microtubules (MTs) actin cytoskeleton tau neuron thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences |
| topic_facet | neuronal cytoskeleton astrocyte cytoskeleton microtubules (MTs) actin cytoskeleton tau neuron thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences |
| url | ONIX_20211118_9782889635528_836 |