Advances in Understanding of Unit Operations in Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy 2021
Unit metallurgical operations processes are usually separated into three categories: 1) hydrometallurgy (leaching, mixing, neutralization, precipitation, cementation, and crystallization); 2) pyrometallurgy (roasting and smelting); and 3) electrometallurgy (aqueous electrolysis and molten salt elect...
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| Langue: | anglais |
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MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2022
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| Accès en ligne: | ONIX_20220812_9783036545738_19 |
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| description | Unit metallurgical operations processes are usually separated into three categories: 1) hydrometallurgy (leaching, mixing, neutralization, precipitation, cementation, and crystallization); 2) pyrometallurgy (roasting and smelting); and 3) electrometallurgy (aqueous electrolysis and molten salt electrolysis). In hydrometallurgy, the aimed metal is first transferred from ores and concentrates to a solution using a selective dissolution (leaching or dry digestion) under an atmospheric pressure below 100 °C and under a high pressure (40-50 bar) and high temperature (below 270°C) in an autoclave. The purification of the obtained solution was performed using neutralization agents such as sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate or more selective precipitation agents such as sodium carbonate and oxalic acid. The separation of metals is possible using a liquid/liquid process (solvent extraction in mixer-settler) and solid–liquid (filtration in filter-press under high pressure). Crystallization is the process by which a metallic compound is converted from a liquid into a solid crystalline state via a supersaturated solution. The final step is metal production using electrochemical methods (aqueous electrolysis for basic metals such as copper, zinc, silver, and molten salt electrolysis for rare earth elements and aluminum). Advanced processes, such as ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and microwave-assisted leaching, can be combined with reduction processes in order to produce metallic powders. |
| format | Online |
| id | doab-20.500.12854ir-91140 |
| institution | Directory of Open Access Books |
| language | eng |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateRange | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| publisherStr | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| record_format | ojs |
| spelling | doab-20.500.12854ir-911402024-04-11T15:11:10Z Advances in Understanding of Unit Operations in Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy 2021 Stopic, Srecko Friedrich, Bernd zirconium eudialyte hydrometallurgy basic sulfate precipitation macroporous polymer goethite factorial design desorption tailings reprocessing early stage cost estimation magnetic separation leaching flotation silica ultrasonic spray pyrolysis synthesis acid mine drainage red mud neutralization immobilization precipitation nitinol continuous vertical cast (CVC), NiTi rod atomic layer deposition corrosion properties potentiodynamic test electrochemical impedance spectroscopy rare earth elements recycling NdFeB magnet non-ferrous metals cavitation erosion optical microscopy electron microscopy atomic force microscopy aluminium thin-layer electrolysis molten salts halides capillary cell electrorefining non-commercial copper anode waste solution high content Ni Pb Sn Sb passivation anode slime pentlandite oxidation reaction mechanism phase analysis silver copper nanoparticles antibacterial MnO2 cobalt oxide Co3O4 perovskite materials oxygen reduction in alkaline media electrocatalyst Pt catalyst nanocomposite mixed oxides NiAl2O4 ZnAl2O4 electrocatalysis nanocatalyst noble metal nanoparticles leachate metal ions extraction selectivity Fe removal electrodeposition conductometry n/a thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTU Mining technology and engineering Unit metallurgical operations processes are usually separated into three categories: 1) hydrometallurgy (leaching, mixing, neutralization, precipitation, cementation, and crystallization); 2) pyrometallurgy (roasting and smelting); and 3) electrometallurgy (aqueous electrolysis and molten salt electrolysis). In hydrometallurgy, the aimed metal is first transferred from ores and concentrates to a solution using a selective dissolution (leaching or dry digestion) under an atmospheric pressure below 100 °C and under a high pressure (40-50 bar) and high temperature (below 270°C) in an autoclave. The purification of the obtained solution was performed using neutralization agents such as sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate or more selective precipitation agents such as sodium carbonate and oxalic acid. The separation of metals is possible using a liquid/liquid process (solvent extraction in mixer-settler) and solid–liquid (filtration in filter-press under high pressure). Crystallization is the process by which a metallic compound is converted from a liquid into a solid crystalline state via a supersaturated solution. The final step is metal production using electrochemical methods (aqueous electrolysis for basic metals such as copper, zinc, silver, and molten salt electrolysis for rare earth elements and aluminum). Advanced processes, such as ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and microwave-assisted leaching, can be combined with reduction processes in order to produce metallic powders. 2022-08-12T12:44:28Z 2022-08-12T12:44:28Z 2022 book ONIX_20220812_9783036545738_19 9783036545738 9783036545745 https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/91140 eng image/jpeg Attribution 4.0 International https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/5773 MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 10.3390/books978-3-0365-4574-5 10.3390/books978-3-0365-4574-5 46cabcaa-dd94-4bfe-87b4-55023c1b36d0 9783036545738 9783036545745 266 Basel open access |
| spellingShingle | zirconium eudialyte hydrometallurgy basic sulfate precipitation macroporous polymer goethite factorial design desorption tailings reprocessing early stage cost estimation magnetic separation leaching flotation silica ultrasonic spray pyrolysis synthesis acid mine drainage red mud neutralization immobilization precipitation nitinol continuous vertical cast (CVC), NiTi rod atomic layer deposition corrosion properties potentiodynamic test electrochemical impedance spectroscopy rare earth elements recycling NdFeB magnet non-ferrous metals cavitation erosion optical microscopy electron microscopy atomic force microscopy aluminium thin-layer electrolysis molten salts halides capillary cell electrorefining non-commercial copper anode waste solution high content Ni Pb Sn Sb passivation anode slime pentlandite oxidation reaction mechanism phase analysis silver copper nanoparticles antibacterial MnO2 cobalt oxide Co3O4 perovskite materials oxygen reduction in alkaline media electrocatalyst Pt catalyst nanocomposite mixed oxides NiAl2O4 ZnAl2O4 electrocatalysis nanocatalyst noble metal nanoparticles leachate metal ions extraction selectivity Fe removal electrodeposition conductometry n/a thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTU Mining technology and engineering Advances in Understanding of Unit Operations in Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy 2021 |
| title | Advances in Understanding of Unit Operations in Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy 2021 |
| title_full | Advances in Understanding of Unit Operations in Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy 2021 |
| title_fullStr | Advances in Understanding of Unit Operations in Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy 2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Advances in Understanding of Unit Operations in Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy 2021 |
| title_short | Advances in Understanding of Unit Operations in Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy 2021 |
| title_sort | advances in understanding of unit operations in non ferrous extractive metallurgy 2021 |
| topic | zirconium eudialyte hydrometallurgy basic sulfate precipitation macroporous polymer goethite factorial design desorption tailings reprocessing early stage cost estimation magnetic separation leaching flotation silica ultrasonic spray pyrolysis synthesis acid mine drainage red mud neutralization immobilization precipitation nitinol continuous vertical cast (CVC), NiTi rod atomic layer deposition corrosion properties potentiodynamic test electrochemical impedance spectroscopy rare earth elements recycling NdFeB magnet non-ferrous metals cavitation erosion optical microscopy electron microscopy atomic force microscopy aluminium thin-layer electrolysis molten salts halides capillary cell electrorefining non-commercial copper anode waste solution high content Ni Pb Sn Sb passivation anode slime pentlandite oxidation reaction mechanism phase analysis silver copper nanoparticles antibacterial MnO2 cobalt oxide Co3O4 perovskite materials oxygen reduction in alkaline media electrocatalyst Pt catalyst nanocomposite mixed oxides NiAl2O4 ZnAl2O4 electrocatalysis nanocatalyst noble metal nanoparticles leachate metal ions extraction selectivity Fe removal electrodeposition conductometry n/a thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTU Mining technology and engineering |
| topic_facet | zirconium eudialyte hydrometallurgy basic sulfate precipitation macroporous polymer goethite factorial design desorption tailings reprocessing early stage cost estimation magnetic separation leaching flotation silica ultrasonic spray pyrolysis synthesis acid mine drainage red mud neutralization immobilization precipitation nitinol continuous vertical cast (CVC), NiTi rod atomic layer deposition corrosion properties potentiodynamic test electrochemical impedance spectroscopy rare earth elements recycling NdFeB magnet non-ferrous metals cavitation erosion optical microscopy electron microscopy atomic force microscopy aluminium thin-layer electrolysis molten salts halides capillary cell electrorefining non-commercial copper anode waste solution high content Ni Pb Sn Sb passivation anode slime pentlandite oxidation reaction mechanism phase analysis silver copper nanoparticles antibacterial MnO2 cobalt oxide Co3O4 perovskite materials oxygen reduction in alkaline media electrocatalyst Pt catalyst nanocomposite mixed oxides NiAl2O4 ZnAl2O4 electrocatalysis nanocatalyst noble metal nanoparticles leachate metal ions extraction selectivity Fe removal electrodeposition conductometry n/a thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTU Mining technology and engineering |
| url | ONIX_20220812_9783036545738_19 |