Neurovision: Neural bases of binocular vision and coordination and their implications in visual training programs
Binocular vision is achieved by five neurovisual systems originating in the retina but varying in their destination within the brain. Two systems have been widely studied: the retino-tectal or retino-collicular route, which subserves an expedient and raw estimate of the visual scene through the magn...
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| Формат: | Online |
| Язык: | английский |
| Опубликовано: |
Frontiers Media SA
2021
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| Online-ссылка: | 19558 |
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| _version_ | 1869514442465607680 |
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| author | Olivier A. Coubard |
| author_browse | Olivier A. Coubard |
| author_facet | Olivier A. Coubard |
| author_sort | Olivier A. Coubard |
| collection | Directory of Open Access Books |
| description | Binocular vision is achieved by five neurovisual systems originating in the retina but varying in their destination within the brain. Two systems have been widely studied: the retino-tectal or retino-collicular route, which subserves an expedient and raw estimate of the visual scene through the magnocellular pathway, and the retino-occipital or retino-cortical route, which allows slower but refined analysis of the visual scene through the parvocellular pathway. But there also exist further neurovisual systems: the retino-hypothalamic, retino-pretectal, and accessory optic systems, which play a crucial role in vision though they are less understood. The retino-pretectal pathway projecting onto the pretectum is critical for the pupillary or photomotor reflex. The retino-hypothalamic pathway projecting onto the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates numerous behavioral and biological functions as well as circadian rhythms. The accessory optic system targeting terminal lateral, medial and dorsal nuclei through the paraoptic fasciculus plays a role in head and gaze orientation as well as slow movements. Taken together, these neurovisual systems involve 60% of brain activity, thus highlighting the importance of vision in the functioning and regulation of the central nervous system. But vision is first and foremost action, which makes perception impossible without movement. Binocular coordination is a prerequisite for binocular fusion of the object of interest on the two foveas, thus ensuring visual perception. The retino-collicular pathway is sufficient to elicit reflexive eye movements with short latencies. Thanks to its motor neurons, the superior colliculus activates premotor neurons, which themselves activate motor neurons of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nuclei. At a higher level, a cascade of neural mechanisms participates in the control of decisional eye movements. The superior colliculus is controlled by the substancia nigra pars reticulata, which is itself gated by subcortical structures such as the dorsal striatum. The superior colliculus is also inhibited by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex through a direct prefrontotectal tract. Cortical areas are crucial for the triggering of eye movements: the frontal eye field, supplementary eye field, and parietal eye field. Finally the cerebellum maintains accuracy. The focus of the present research topic, entitled Neural bases of binocular vision and coordination and their implications in visual training programs, is to review the most recent findings in brain imaging and neurophysiology of binocular vision and coordination in humans and animals with frontally-placed eyes. The emphasis is put on studies that enable transfer of knowledge toward visual training programs targeting visual field defects (e.g., hemianopia) and binocular functional disorders (e.g., amblyopia). |
| format | Online |
| id | doab-20.500.12854ir-54538 |
| institution | Directory of Open Access Books |
| language | eng |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateRange | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media SA |
| publisherStr | Frontiers Media SA |
| record_format | ojs |
| spelling | doab-20.500.12854ir-545382024-04-05T12:35:23Z Neurovision: Neural bases of binocular vision and coordination and their implications in visual training programs Olivier A. Coubard RC321-571 Q1-390 Visual Pathways visual rehabilitation Eye Movements Neurovisual disorders Binocular coordination binocular vision thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences Binocular vision is achieved by five neurovisual systems originating in the retina but varying in their destination within the brain. Two systems have been widely studied: the retino-tectal or retino-collicular route, which subserves an expedient and raw estimate of the visual scene through the magnocellular pathway, and the retino-occipital or retino-cortical route, which allows slower but refined analysis of the visual scene through the parvocellular pathway. But there also exist further neurovisual systems: the retino-hypothalamic, retino-pretectal, and accessory optic systems, which play a crucial role in vision though they are less understood. The retino-pretectal pathway projecting onto the pretectum is critical for the pupillary or photomotor reflex. The retino-hypothalamic pathway projecting onto the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates numerous behavioral and biological functions as well as circadian rhythms. The accessory optic system targeting terminal lateral, medial and dorsal nuclei through the paraoptic fasciculus plays a role in head and gaze orientation as well as slow movements. Taken together, these neurovisual systems involve 60% of brain activity, thus highlighting the importance of vision in the functioning and regulation of the central nervous system. But vision is first and foremost action, which makes perception impossible without movement. Binocular coordination is a prerequisite for binocular fusion of the object of interest on the two foveas, thus ensuring visual perception. The retino-collicular pathway is sufficient to elicit reflexive eye movements with short latencies. Thanks to its motor neurons, the superior colliculus activates premotor neurons, which themselves activate motor neurons of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nuclei. At a higher level, a cascade of neural mechanisms participates in the control of decisional eye movements. The superior colliculus is controlled by the substancia nigra pars reticulata, which is itself gated by subcortical structures such as the dorsal striatum. The superior colliculus is also inhibited by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex through a direct prefrontotectal tract. Cortical areas are crucial for the triggering of eye movements: the frontal eye field, supplementary eye field, and parietal eye field. Finally the cerebellum maintains accuracy. The focus of the present research topic, entitled Neural bases of binocular vision and coordination and their implications in visual training programs, is to review the most recent findings in brain imaging and neurophysiology of binocular vision and coordination in humans and animals with frontally-placed eyes. The emphasis is put on studies that enable transfer of knowledge toward visual training programs targeting visual field defects (e.g., hemianopia) and binocular functional disorders (e.g., amblyopia). 2021-02-11T20:52:55Z 2021-02-11T20:52:55Z 2016-08-16 10:34:25 2015 book 19558 16648714 9782889196555 https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/54538 eng Frontiers Research Topics image/jpeg Attribution 4.0 International http://www.frontiersin.org/books/Neurovision_Neural_bases_of_binocular_vision_and_coordination_and_their_implications_in_visual_trai/704#nogo http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/1791/neural-bases-of-binocular-vision-and-coordination-and-their-implications-in-visual-training-programs Frontiers Media SA 10.3389/978-2-88919-655-5 10.3389/978-2-88919-655-5 bf5ce210-e72e-4860-ba9b-c305640ff3ae 9782889196555 264 open access |
| spellingShingle | RC321-571 Q1-390 Visual Pathways visual rehabilitation Eye Movements Neurovisual disorders Binocular coordination binocular vision thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences Olivier A. Coubard Neurovision: Neural bases of binocular vision and coordination and their implications in visual training programs |
| title | Neurovision: Neural bases of binocular vision and coordination and their implications in visual training programs |
| title_full | Neurovision: Neural bases of binocular vision and coordination and their implications in visual training programs |
| title_fullStr | Neurovision: Neural bases of binocular vision and coordination and their implications in visual training programs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neurovision: Neural bases of binocular vision and coordination and their implications in visual training programs |
| title_short | Neurovision: Neural bases of binocular vision and coordination and their implications in visual training programs |
| title_sort | neurovision neural bases of binocular vision and coordination and their implications in visual training programs |
| topic | RC321-571 Q1-390 Visual Pathways visual rehabilitation Eye Movements Neurovisual disorders Binocular coordination binocular vision thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences |
| topic_facet | RC321-571 Q1-390 Visual Pathways visual rehabilitation Eye Movements Neurovisual disorders Binocular coordination binocular vision thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences |
| url | 19558 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT olivieracoubard neurovisionneuralbasesofbinocularvisionandcoordinationandtheirimplicationsinvisualtrainingprograms |